Method and apparatus for solving problems, e.g., identifying specimens, using order of likeness matrices



Oct. 11, 1966 G. L. SHELTON, JR.. ETAL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E-G. IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKBNESS MATRICES Filed Dec. 18, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 1 4 0,+1 POSITION CROSS HATCHED SQUARES=6 FIG. 1

0,0 POSITION cRoss- HATCHED SQUARES=16 INVENTORS GLENMORE L. SHELTON, JR. BY LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ .MMM

ATTORNEY Oct. 11, 1966 SHELTQN, JR ET AL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G., IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Q2 lzgooooooooooooooooooooo edscooooooooooooooooooeo LL. m

Oct. 11, 1966 3,2 78,899 IDENTIFYING ICES G. L. SHELTON, JR, ETAL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G. SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATR Flled Dec. 18, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 5' ocoooo oooooo 060i; ooooof coco: o: OQ NNM ofi:wmm QAIMNQ oowwmv ovwqnmz oo -m:w ofi:-vmm QQIMNMN QQ N@ ooooooq ccocoom cooooow cocci: ooooo cocci; 22523 222 558 -952 -NOO ocq-ooooc -wocoOow ooo oommww cummf 3,278,899 IDENTIFYING USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Oct. 11, 1966 G. L. SHELTON, J-R.. E A

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G.

SPECIMENS Filed Dec. 1.8, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 4 o o o o N no *7 cu o o o o o o o o o v no no N m (\I N m o o o o OOONNNn QQD OOVOOONN wm 000000 00000 nwm 000000 00000 mw0m 000000 000.00 Mmm 000-0 00000 m m 00 .-0 00000 m 000000 0000 000000 00000 LEM A.s 000000 000: m m 000000 0:: n 0000000 0:: RMWL P 00000000 0 000000 wmm 0 0 WWW 0 0 0 0 0 0 uwm 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 00 w 0000000 000000 smm 0000000 0000: lm 0000000 0000: 6m 000N000 0 0 mm 10:00 @2010 I m 0000000 0000: m 0000000 000000 6 l 0000000 000000 Hm 1 29.62:. 29525 M 292 558 m $5,055 295 558 1 5B m zo I m -33 -32 a d l I w m :mwI mwE F ETAL Oct. 11, 1966 3,2 78,899 IDENTIFYING G. L. SHELTON, JR.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G.

l8 lgggEGIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES 45 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Dec.

OOCOOQOCDOCJOOOOQOOOOQQ o o o o O o o Q Q o o N ooNN o m N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N o N N i2 N o N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N o m N N o o N N o o o N o Q Q o o o c o o o c N N m N n N\ m N N o o o o o o o o N N 0 N1 N N N v v v N N N N o N N o o ON N N v N o N o m o O Q o o o c o N N N N N N N N N N N o N o d O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o N N m m N. N o N N N N o o o N N N N N m N N N m m n m N m N N N N N o Oct. 11, 1966 SHELTQN, JR, ET AL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G., IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Filed Dec. 18, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 7 FIG.40

AUTOCORRELATION CHARACTER 1 FUNCTION FlG.4b

AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION CHARACTER"2" 0 0 I ll 0 0 O 0 2 2 2 0 0 T 0 0 2a 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 v3 2 2 2 1 0 0 l ||l 0 0 7d 2 2 2 O 0 \I| \l. O 0 2 l 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 II. A 5 l 2 I II. 0 0 0 0 l 2 2 2 4 l 3 0 0 O 0 0 70 ll 70 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 5 4 2 4 0% !.|.|l\ l 0 0 0 7 2 4 6 2 7d 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 9. 2 2 H 3,2 78,899 IDENTIFYING 012s 1966 G. L. SHELTON, JR.. ETAL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, Eli

SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRI Filed Dec. 18, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 8 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION CHARACTER 3" AUTOCORRELATION CHARACTER 4 FUNCTION 0I0E0l010i0 0100 3,278,899 IDENTIFYING 1966 G. L. SHELTON, JR.. ETAL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G.

SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES 4 Filed Dec. 18. 1962 1 45 Sheets-Sheet 9 PIC-3.49

AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION CHARACTER "5 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION CHARACTER "6" G. L. SHELTON, JR.. ET AL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G.

Oct. 11, 1966 SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Filed Dec. 18, 1962 1 N m MN m E m N 0 U CF 0 T U A FlG.4g

CHARACTER "7" FlG.4h

N m MN LO l n N WU F T. U A

CHARACTER"8" O 0 A 2 4 0 7J 2 2 AU x? 0 O 0 2 2 2 4 2 70 2 7d 0 0 O 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 0 2 0 0 l+i .Zi 0 0 2 2 4 4 A 4 4 2 1| 0 1\, lv ilv 0 w 0 l 1 2d 4 4 5 2 2 2 O 0 ll l A 0 w 0 2 2 2 4 6 5 4 70 IJ O I 0 0 0 AU. 2 70 4 5 N 3,278,899 IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Flled Dec. 18, 1962 Oct. 11, 1966 G.'L.SHELTON, JR. E

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SQLVING PROBLEMS. ENG,

45 Sheets-$heet 11 FIG. 4i

N w T A N am n R N O U M F T U A 9 R E T C A R A H C F I 4 AUTOCORRELATION CHARACTER "0 FUNCTION J! O O 0 0 O U 0 0 0 0 1 2 ZJ 2 1 0 0 O O 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 Av 1i 1 v O 3 2 2 2 2 2 7J 0 0 O 2 0 0 2 2 r/ 2 4 0 1 0 0 ,1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 O O 0 2 0 O 2 2 7h 0 O 4 AU 11| l O 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 ,1 T 1 0 7d 2 2 2 6 4 2 2 0 O 0 2 2 2 2 8 A 2 ON 0 0 O 0 2 2 2 2 4 w Oct. 11, 1966 SHELTQN, JR ETAL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS. 2.9.. IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Filed Dec. 18, 1962 A 45 Sheets-Sheet 12 SUB-TOTALS ELEMENTS SQUARES REPEATS OF SQUARED ELEMENTS 1 4 1e 2 32 FIG. 5a 5 25 2 50 e v 3s 2 72 7 49 2 98 ji 22.1 NORMALlZING FACTOR =o.o43

I SUB-TOTALS ELEMENTS SQUARES REPEATS ZZ ELEMENTS 4 16 10 160 FIG. 5b 5 25 4 100 e 3e 4 144 37.2 NORMALIZING 1 FACTOR "372' 0'02? Oct. 11, 1966 SPECIMENS Filed Dec. l8, 1962 G. L. SHELTON, JR.. E L METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G., IDENTIFYING 45 Sheets-Sheet 15 COMPUTATION OF G1,1

' sus- COMPUTATION OF 6 SUB- 18.2 61,4 ZZZ-0.73

Oct. 11, 1966 SHELTON, JR" ETAL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G. IDENTIFYING I SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Filed Dec. 18, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet 14 CQMPUTATiON OF 6. E 010 F 0-12 REPEATS 39R COMPUTATION OF G4, E of 0 F of 2 REPEATS fig Oct. 11, 1966 G. L. SHELTON, JR.. E L METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G., IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES 45 Sheets-Sheet 16 Filed Dec. 1.8, 1962 2e INFORMATION F'G H sOuRcE FIGS 12-15 AUTO- 28 CORRELATION ELEMENT GENERATOR FIGS 16-20 32 5e 46 I I MULTIPLY OUTPUT mI' ADD CHARACTER CHAR UNIT SELECTOR OUT FIG 21 g 2 FIG 32 I J 1 SORT a J TT COMPARE UNIT FIGS 33 40 FIGS 29,31

M N MATRIX MEMORY MEMORY G5 FIGS 22-27 FIGS 41-45 s 51.53

P a Q MEMORIES 4O/-ANALYZING UNIT FIGS 45-50 FIG 39 Q 206H I 52 1 1 I 66 REs10RE I M ADVANCE 1F'G39.. TOX

RgAD POSITION 02 FIG 13 00 OPEN AT i 80\ A A TIME 74 AM -A' F|G.15 SIGNAL 02 GENERATOR FIG 39 1 F'?'1/?92 {00 110 B. 90\ 91 114- Hz H es 112 88 R100 B I Oct. 11, 1966 SHELTON, JR ET AL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, E.G. IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LI KENESS MATRICES 1 Filed Dec. l8, 1962 45 Sheets-Sheet l7 FIG.12 48 F1044 g {1254501090225059001550524101 1 2 3 4 22 23 24 25 1s 11 1a 19 01 00 00100 101102105104 12212s124125 g 25 COLUMNS FIG.16 1 FIGJ? Oct. 11, 1966 s. SHELTON, JR. ET AL 3,278,899

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS, ELG. IDENTIFYING SPECIMENS, USING ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRICES Flled Dec. 18, 1962 v 45 Sheets-Sheet 2o AUTOCORRELATION ELEMENTS FIG. 21 FROM 28;HG.H&20

/52 5 E 5 5 QE F u 29 29 29"- II I 200- 450 200 3 200 2 ZOQ i SQUARING CIRCUITS v J Vi I Fl ELD #2 H ELD #3 1 INPUT REGISTER 

22. APPARATUS FOR IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN SPECIMENS WITH MEMBERS OF A SET OF KNOWN PATTERNS, COMPRISING: (A) MEANS FOR COMPUTING AND STORING AN ORDER OF LIKENES MATRIX HAVING ONE ROW OF ELEMENTS FOR EACH PATTERN IN THE SET, SAID ROWS BEING ARRANGED IN A DEFINITIVE ORDER, EACH ROW BEING ARRANGED IN A OF THE CROSS-CORRELATION FUNCTIONS OF ONE PARTICULAR PATTERN AND EACH OF THE SET OF PATTERNS, SAID SUMS BEING ARRANGED IN THEIR NUMERICAL ORDER; SAID COMPUTING SAID STORING MEANS INCLUDING: (1) STORAGE MEANS FRO IDENTIFYING EACH ROW WITH SAID ONE PARTICULAR PATTERN; AND (2) STORAGE MEANS FOR IDENTIFYING EACH ELEMENT IN THE ROW WITH THE OTHER PATTERN WHICH IS A FACTOR IN THE CROSS-CORRELATION FUNCTION OF WHICH THE ELEMENT IS A SUM; (B) MEANS TO ASSEMBLE DATA DEFINING A SET OF UNLIKE UNRECOGNIZED SPECIMENS EQUAL IN NUMBER TO SAID SET OF UNKNOW PATTERNS; (C) MEANS FOR COMPUTING AND STORING AN ORDER OF LIKENESS MATRIX FOR THE SPECIMENS SIMILAR TO THE MEANS FOR COMPUTING AND STORING THE PATTERN MATRIX, EXCEPT THAT THE ROWS ARE ARRANGED IN RANDOM ORDER AND THE IDENTIFICATIONS STORED IN THE RESPECTIVE STORAGE MEANS ARE ARBITRARILY ASSIGNED; (D) MEANS FOR TENTATIVELY IDENTIFYING AT LEAST TWO MEMBERS OF THE SET OF SPECIMENS WITH A CORRESPONDING NUMBER OF MEMBERS OF THE SET OF KNOWN PATTERNS, THEREBY TENTATIVELY IDENTIFYING A CORRESPONDING NUMBER OF THE ROWS IN THE SPECIMEN MATRIX WITH RESPECTIVE ROWS IN THE PATTERN MATRIX; (E) MEANS TO SELECT, FROM THE ELEMENT IDENTIFYING STORAGE MEANS IN THE TENTATIVELY IDENTIFIED ROWS, A SET OF ELEMENT IDENTIFYING MEANS IN WHICH THE SAME ASSIGNED IDENFICATION SHOULD BE STORED IF THE TENTATIVE IDENTIFICATION IS CORRECT; (F) MEANS TO COMPARE THE SPECIMENS STORED IN THE SELECTED ELEMENT IDENTIFYING STORAGE MEANS, AND TO CONFIRM THE TENTATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIMENS IF THE COMPARISON SHOW EQUALITY; AND (G) MEANS TO REPEAT THE OPERATION OF THE TENTATIVE IDENTIFYING MEANS (D), THE SELECTING MEANS (E) AND THE COMPARING MEANS (F) UNTIL ALL THE ROWS IN THE SPECIMEN MATRIX HAVE CONFIRMED IDENTIFICATIONS WITH ROWS IN THE PATTERN MATRIX. 